C: See I knew you were insulting me. At least you're honest, despite said statement a paragraph ago. Regardless of what the MS-DOofiS manual says, I learned properly. I read Peter Abel's book. I want to check the Tandy 2000 MS-DOS manual also. I believe it gives more or less accurate info on that. Not deliberately. I included a lot of beginning and simplistic stuff, because I had no way to know that you already had some familiarity with different types of MS-DOS executable, etc. Sorry about all of the silliness about .COM, .EXE, EXE2BIN, etc. A guy who used to work for me 20 years ago was into Mindset. But he doesn't have any of it any more, and probably remembers little or nothing about it.