This is correct, the primary problem lies w/ teachers spewing GIGO, good teachers is percious few. These teachers has to have good background knowledge and make sure their info+their learned knowledge is correct before teaching those to idiots and make clear on few key items. (I give nod to few students who possess that working brain). And I also expect students to recheck their learned facts. Cheers, Wizard PS: Tony, that's exactly what I did to replace mangled VGA connectors (sorry forgot the type of connector). Chop chewed up thingie off and ohm them, color code them to what pins, and solder that to new connector. Actually, cheaper for me to buy $5 M-M VGA extensions from startech and surgically extract connectors and slit open that vinyl, yank 6ft long of wires from them for other uses. Rat shock has them for a cut arm (ouch!) and restocking is iffy. After that, cut apart the old connector to extract the RF shielding shells (if it has one, most does) transfer them to newly soldered connector and solder the shielding wire to it and bind it up w/ zip ties.

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