Jerome Fine replies: I think you addressed the long term problem, but did not discuss the solution. Some have mentioned it, perhaps the solution needs to be emphasized AGAIN! kept and accessed for more than 2 to 3 years, the only way to be sure is to actually copy the files AGAIN as often as is found necessary with any given media at that stage in the cycle. A cycle can be anywhere from 1 year to 20 years depending on how long the current media last and how long drives are available to read the current media. As soon as either the current media start to degrade or the drives are no longer manufactured, then it is time to shift to new media (of the same type) or new drives using the different media. Over the past 20 years, I have noticed that I have needed to shift from tapes to magneto optical media and now to DVDs. I expect that within 10 years I may again need to shift. The key is to always keep a bit ahead of the problem rather than waiting until the problems such as NASA has with old tapes that can no longer be read with tape drives that rarely work in any case. Since media seems to change more quickly these days than previously, it just may be necessary to adopt a 2 to 3 year cycle and make additional backups to ensure that the files are not ever lost for as long as the files are considered useful. Fortunately, since storage capacity is becoming larger and larger, the problems for a given set of files actually become smaller. For example, I still use a Pentium III (started in 2002). Initially, I settled for a CD burner, but that was already too small from the start for my system for easy archives since my backup image files were about 1 GByte. Even after 3 years as I have been able to eliminate redundant files, the backup image is still over 800 MBytes. Fortunately, about 2 years ago, the DVD burners (I use a P05) fell to within almost reasonable cost (for a hobby budget) and I started to share a drive every 4 months at which point I copied 4 monthly backup images to the DVD-R. Repeating every 4 months means I use only 3 DVD-R blanks a year which is a very reasonable yearly cost. I just mention my personal experience as an example. Other users will have their own requirements. By the way, I originally started on a PDP-11 with RX03 being my primary backup (not mentioned above). After about 5 years I shifted to the TK25 (DC600A tapes of 50 MBytes) followed by the TK70 (tapes of 290 MBytes). Since all backup files were 32 MBytes of 32 MByte RT-11 partitions (without compression), the TK70 was a big improvement. After I switched to a magneto optical backup (Sony SMO S-501), the big advantage was that I could update the SMO media with just the few changes and then verify the complete media against the 8 RT-11 partitions per each side of the SMO media. When I shifted to using E11 under Windows 98 SE, the same SMO media could be used as backup on Pentium systems. When the DVD burner finally became economical, in addition to the files under the FAT32 directory for Windows 98 SE, I also made a backup of the PDP-11 files which currently occupy only a single DVD. One additional suggestion is that before I burn the backup images to the DVD, I also make up a file with the 4 MD5 values for the 4 image files. This ensures that when I verify that the files can still be read that the files are also correct - assuming that the file with the MD5 values can also be read. I ensure that by keeping all MD5 files on line and writing all of them to all future backup DVDs. What I suspect I will end up doing is after 4 years is to make up a DVD with 4 backup image files from December 31st of each year which will allow me to downgrade the importance of the monthly backup files. AGAIN, the key point is that an archived file can't be assumed to be readable after more than 2 or 3 years. It must be verified in some manner - as in my example by checking that the MD5 value is still correct. And after 4 or 5 years, it is also probably prudent to make a more recent copy such as I have suggested. And finally, after 10 years, it is probably essential to consider switching to the current media and drives if they are no longer being manufactured. Naturally, all the other aspects of making multiple copies and not filling the complete DVD also apply. Probably the only new items I have really mentioned is the use of the MD5 value and to emphasize that archived files must be periodically verified to be sure that they are still readable BEFORE they degrade. Sincerely yours, Jerome Fine -- If you attempted to send a reply and the original e-mail address has been discontinued due a high volume of junk e-mail, then the semi-permanent e-mail address can be obtained by replacing the four characters preceding the 'at' with the four digits of the current year.