Well that is sort of right. I was working for digital at the time and therefore I have a slightly different perspective. Internet has its roots in three places the US universities, Research Establishments and the US military. ARPAnet came sometime before Internet. It was a packet switching network. Inter site everything was done on good old copper telephone lines. The software would have been either IBM or DEC network software. Dial out modems for the small systems and leased lines for the big guys. TCP/IP was not the main protocol used to begin with being a child of UNIX and originating in the universities. TCP/IP was adopted for inter networking 1n 1982 Notice I said inter networking. Yes Internet was the connection between networks not the networks themselves. There were many different local area network protocols usually decreed by the makers of the network hardware The colleges did it just to see if it could be done and the military for a very good (at the time) reason. It was the height of the cold war and peace only maintained by the fact that regardless of who started it both sides would be wiped out. The high level of connectivity helped to ensure that the orders of the President and the generals got to the missile sites and bomber bases even if US had been already attacked and lost some of their communications. Timeline: Packet switched networks developed in the 1970's Microprocessors (4004 early 1970's ) 8085 used in VT100 about 1975 First micro processors to support networking late 70's Loads of differing LAN and WAN (packet switching) software (1970-1980) TCP/IP 1982 Remember my view was from the inside and not as good as from outside. Rod Smallwood On 23/10/15 01:54, Murray McCullough wrote:

On Thu, 22 Oct 2015, Murray McCullough wrote: TCP/IP would be 33, not 43 years ago. The internet was certainly not "made possible" by TCP/IP. It was inevitable that eventually there would be movementS towards standardization of protocols on the arpanet. They could have done much worse than TCP/IP! The internet is the result of the confluence of numerous technological systems, and NO single one of them can be considered to be the origin, nor even "making possible". But, we each see a different piece of the elephant. There are even some who maintain that World-Wide-Web was what "made possible" the internet! Facebook was NOT an element of significance in development of the internet, contrary to cockamamy idiot college administrators who talk about "Web 2.0" (an O'Eilly invention that they should be ashamed of) In 1969, while working at GSFC (NASA), I asked how the networking worked that enabled me to connect my selectric based terminal to numerous 360s, as well as some off-site time-sharing systems. The guy I asked didn't feel like wasting his time explaining it to me, so he just told me that it was above my clearance level. (I was also not allowed to handle decks of cards with certain colors of edge stripe) I saw a different piece of the elephant than you did. The military, educational institutions doing military research, and military contractors were the largest elements in development of the early internet. (aka "Military Industrial Complex" http://coursesa.matrix.msu.edu/~hst306/documents/indust.html ) But, there were also a few non-military researchers, and other guvmint contributors - for example, there was a series of studies trying to work out how the IRS could resume collecting taxes immediately after nuclear annhilation. (finally made public by NYT in 1989 http://www.nytimes.com/1989/03/28/business/nuclear-war-plan-by-irs.html ) Is that all? I've always thought of writing an SF story involving extensive extra-terrestial presence on the net. Do we really know who is on the web? https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f8/Internet_dog.jpg How many people consider the Micral to be of that level of significance? waitaminit! "THIS WEB SITE"??!? And the conflicts between our memories and priorities keeps this a "history", not confirmed "facts". It is generally believed that Einstein did not use any digital (not even Digital) computers in developing it, and the original publication did not include any mention on the web for many more years! He never had his own website, nor even a Facebook account! -- Grumpy Ol' Fred cisin at xenosoft.com

On 10/22/2015 7:54 PM, Murray McCullough wrote: Your account of the Internet and TCP/IP conflicts *significantly* with several published accounts of the history of the Internet that used quite reliable sources (many of them still living). Some suggested reading: The Dream Machine. J.C.R. Licklider and the Revolution That Made Computing Personal. M. Mitchell Waldrop, Penguin where wizards stay up late: the origins of the internet katie hafner, matthew lyon, Simon & Schuster Both very enjoyable reads.