<some forms. There was precedent. But the guy hacking <DOS was just messing around, trying to do a slightly <better CP/M (as was Digital Research, who GAVE AWAY the <whole stinking computer world to Bill Gates on a silver Specifically it was seattle computer that needed a 16bit os for their S100 8088 box. They literally took CPM1.4 disassembled it and lofted it to run on 8088 and called the result Q-dos. They had no incentive to improve it and cpm1.4 was actually behind V2.2 (then current!). Billy took it and modified it some say per IBM to go from the CPM allocation scheme to FAT (Billy had used that in their disk basics). <For crying out loud, the first versions of UNIX ran on <minis that didn't have any more memory space than micros. <(OK, so they had 16 bit processors, I know. So did the <PC! Sort of...) Unix had been on DEC pdp-11s for years when the Altair rolled out. It was a $24,000 source license and even though the PDP-11 is 16 bit the instuction set, memory managment and disks were about 10 years ahead of the PC. Unix wanted memory and it wanted a hard disk of some size to work well. What si forgotten is the path to unix(linux etal) was via C language for micros. To that Scot Guthry(Tinyc) was the starting point for Smallc and later SmallVM. Those things were the catalyst needed to get people interested in C (adverse to BASIC and PASCAL) as a language. With a systems language people were thinking about Unix (written in C). concurrent to this DRI was working on and delivered GSS Kernal, GSS-80, and GEM which was influential in presenting graphics to the desktop as part of the OS. Others were doing it but as standalone apps aimed at specific hardware. This was the early to mid 80s where the PC went from XT to AT, DOS to desktops and integrated applications and the z80 was still giving them a hard run for the money. It wouldn't be until the late 80s and the advent of the 386 before the battle lines were starting to clear. In the mid to late 80s the SUN, Apollo and DEC (others too) workstation war would extend to the PC market via apple and the Mac and push 32bit cpus, graphics, networking and performance. I's more than Gates getting dos, it was opportunities and near disasters in the industry that got us here. Even Gates saw a few really bad years in the mid 80s when dos3.3 was really the harbinger pointing at an end of the line with something new/better needed. Graphics we know were not going to happen on PDP11 or most other 16bit cpus as they don't address enough space. OSs were driven by the environment and it's tasks plus space needs. Allison