Mentioning my old employer, Calera Recognition Systems, reminded me of this ISA bus "hack." The OCR accelerator cards that Calera sold were able to find a free space in the memory map of the ISA bus and could even support multiple cards on one bus. No flash, jumpers, or dipswitches were involved, and this was before any Plug and Play. How it worked was this. The cards had a 68020 on them, along with a couple megabytes of memory and a few ASICs that accelerated key parts of the OCR algorithm. The 68020 would wake up from reset and "spin" -- meaning it would program a control register to indicate what address it was located at. It would park there for a while waiting to get written to by the host x86. If it didn't receive a write, it would move to the next address range, etc, and go around again and again util it was told to stay put. Complicating all of this was that the card very well might map to an address where some other card or memory already lived. The OCR card, in this mode, did not drive any signals, and was able to handle to 0 wait state writes. If the x86 was writing to or reading from RAM where the card was also located, the 68020 would see these and ignore them unless they followed a very complicated asymptotically approaching 0 probability sequence such that a card, seeing the sequence, was certain that it was the x86 trying to talk to it. Once a card received the sequence and was told to become visible, it would then turn on any handshake logic and could respond to reads and writes. The next layer of the onion was that multiple cards could be in the system at the same time. You don't want two cards to "wake up" at the same address in memory and then have a tristate catfight. Instead, part of the wake up sequence involved a one bit at a time arbitrartion process based on the card's unique serial numbers. Finally, the memory system attached to the 68020 wasn't fast enough to receive the reads and writes with zero wait state performance. However, the reset and interrupt request logic was, so that is what was used to signal to the 68020. The magic sequence of writes was seen on the 68020 as a sequence of interrupts and resets that followed a certain pattern (the logic could tell apart a hard reset from a soft reset; we were worried that the 68020's internal state wouldn't persist through soft reset, so we used a register that was inside one of the ASICs that was known to not get reset to hold the required tracking state). Parts of the implementation were overly complicated due to the fact that none of it was designed up front. It was implemented after we realized that we really didn't need to use the dip switches. Although it was all stochastic, all of the shenanigans would typically take less than a second so that nobody really noticed, and not having dip switches made the card a snap to install.