Wakkkyness is not dead. "The Madscientist Builds a Processor" http://madscientistroom.org/table/mippy/ is the tale of a *second* electronics project, the first was a one chip TTL counter. Randy thought that was not hard, why not try a computer? He learned: - add lotsa capacitors between +5v and gnd, all over - ground can jump up and bite ya (a ground plane is a good thing) - and a lot of other practical stuff but crashed on, and finally succeeded :-))) Ed "Pops" Thelen