There were math co-processor boards (AM9511, AM9512, for example) for
S100 systems. ISTR that there was even a TRW bipolar (16x16? Huge
chip that ran hot as a pistol) for the S100 bus.
The Moto 6809 had an 8x8 multiplier.
The TI TMS9900 had both multiply and divide instructions.
Going further afield, the DG MicroNova had multiply and divide (but
not the Fairchild 9440).
All mainframes of the time that I'm aware of had floating-point
multiply. Many had floating-point divide (or a mechanism for getting
there). Many lacked integer multiply and divide.
--Chuck