[IIRC, the
vector engine in Tempest was pretty much "fully disclosed"
in their documentation -- this wasn't the case in all machines
(though Atari used LOTS of "custom chips" in their machines)]
I don't know where, but it was fully enough disclosed for MAME to
emulate it.
What *I* would like to understand better is the mathbox. MAME's
emulation is good enough for the game, but the operations are intricate
enough that it's hard to see what they add up to just from reading the
emulator implementation. (For example, there's something that I
suspect is some kind of perspective transformation, but I haven't been
able to figure out enough details to label it any better than "black
box that might be perspective transformation".)
You might be better off looking at how the mathbox was used in
Battlezone...