what was VMS/OpenVMS written in?

According to Brian Schenkenberger ("A Bored Certified VMS Kernel Mode Hacker"): "Predominantly, Macro-32 (VAX-11 assembly language) and Bliss-32. There's a smattering of other languages used for less "involved" parts from Ada, to C, to Fortran, to Pascal, and a few others. Line count approaches 30 million. I do have the OpenVMS source here but I've not made the count myself. :) When OpenVMS was ported to Alpha (first 64 Bit architecture) and subsequently to Intel Itanium IA-64, the Macro-32 assembler was turned into a Macro-32 compiler. You can still write code using Macro-32 (and I still do) for VAX, Alpha and Itanium. There are small segments of OpenVMS written in Alpha assembler (Macro-64) for the Alpha and a small amount of IAS (Intel IA-64 Assembler) for Itanium. I've done a fair amount of IAS. It's not for the faint of heart. OpenVMS defines a calling standard which all assemblers and or compilers adhere to; thus, routines can be written in any of the supported languages and they can call and be called by any other of the supported languages." He also referred me to the VMS FAQ: http://hoffmanlabs.org/vmsfaq/vmsfaq_001.html#vms8 "2.7 In what language is OpenVMS written? OpenVMS is written in a wide variety of languages. In no particular order, OpenVMS components are implemented using Bliss, Macro, Ada, PLI, VAX and DEC C, Fortran, UIL, VAX and Alpha SDL, Pascal, MDL, DEC C++, DCL, Message, and Document. And this is certainly not a complete list. However, the rumor is NOT true that an attempt was made to write pieces of OpenVMS in every supported language so that the Run-Time Libraries could not be unbundled. (APL, BASIC, COBOL and RPG are just some of the languages NOT represented!) There are a large variety of small and not-so-small tools and DCL command procedures that are used as part of the OpenVMS build, and a source code control system capable of maintaining over a hundred thousand source files across multiple parallel development projects, and overlapping releases." Mike Loewen mloewen at cpumagic.scol.pa.us Old Technology http://sturgeon.css.psu.edu/~mloewen/Oldtech/