Xerox (RE: Lisa's scores)

The first GUI system was the Xerox Alto. It was desk-sized. The commercial model was the Xerox Star, which was somewhat smaller (c.1977) The Xerox Alto appears to have introduced: - Bitmapped displays - BitBLT raster operations - Cursor changes to show system mode - GUI menus and Popup menus - Overlapped windows - Tiled windows - Scroll bars - Push buttons, radio buttons, check boxes - Dialog boxes - Multiple fonts and styles visible in text - Cut/Copy/Paste with a mouse The Lisa UI appears to have introduced: - Pull-down menus - Menu bars - Disabling (graying) of menu items - Command-key shortcust for menu items - Check marks on menu items The book "Fumbling the Future: How Xerox Invented, Then Ignored, the First Personal Computer" by Douglas Smith and Robert Alexander, states that Xerox voluntarily offered the UI elements to Steve Jobs. Apple does not appear to have "stolen" the ideas. Kai